Brunei

Negara Brunei Darussalam
State of Brunei, Abode of Peace
بروني دارالسلام
Motto: "الدائمون المحسنون بالهدى" "Sentiasa berbuat kebajikan dangan petunjuk Allah"
"Always in service with Allah's guidance"  (translation)
Anthem: Allah Peliharakan Sultan
Allah Bless the Sultan
Location of �Brunei��(green)in ASEAN��(dark grey)� —� [Legend]
Location of  Brunei  (green)

in ASEAN  (dark grey)  —  [Legend]
Capital
(and largest city)		 Bandar Seri Begawan
Official language(s) Malay (Bahasa Melayu)[1]
Official scripts Malay alphabet
Demonym Bruneian
Government Islamic Absolute Monarchy
 -  Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 -  Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah
Formation
 -  Sultanate 14th century 
 -  End of
British protectorate		 January 1, 1984 
Area
 -  Total 5,765 km2 (172nd)
2,226 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 8.6
Population
 -  2009 estimate 388,190[2] (175)
 -  2001 census 332,844 
 -  Density 67.3/km2 (134th)
174.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate
 -  Total $19.674 billion[3] 
 -  Per capita $49,109[3] 
GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate
 -  Total $10.546 billion[3] 
 -  Per capita $26,325[3] 
HDI (2007) increase 0.920[4] (very high) (30th)
Currency Brunei dollar (BND)
Time zone (UTC+8)
Drives on the left
Internet TLD .bn
Calling code +6731
1 Also 080 from East Malaysia

Brunei (pronounced /bruːˈnaɪ/ in English), officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace[5] (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and in fact it is separated into two parts by Limbang, which is part of Sarawak. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia.

Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name Po-ni.[6] It later became a vassal state of Majapahit before embracing Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the post-occupation years, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion.[7] Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.

Brunei has the second highest Human Development Index among the South East Asia nations, after Singapore and is classified as a Developed Country.[8] According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked 4th in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.[9]

Brunei Bay According to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar. His move from Garang [location required] to the Brunei river estuary led to the discovery of Brunei. His first exclamation upon landing on the shore, as the legend goes, was “Baru nah!” (Which in English translates as "great!" or "excellent!") and thus, the name “Brunei” was derived from his words.[10]

It was renamed "Barunai" in the 14th Century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word varunai (वरुण), meaning "seafarers", later to become "Brunei". The word "Borneo" is of the same origin. In the country's full name "Negara Brunei Darussalam"(بروني دارالسلام), "Darussalam" means "Abode of Peace" in Arabic, while "Negara" means "Country" in Malay. "Negara" derives from the Sanskrit Nagara (नगर), meaning "city".

Contents

History

The power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak from the 14th to the 16th centuries.[11] The Sultanate's suzerainty is thought to have extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo.

It has been debated when Islam first arrived in Brunei. A number of relics show that Islam may have been practiced in Brunei by the 12th century.

Among these relics are tombstones found in the various Islamic graveyards in Brunei, particularly the tombstone at Rangas [location required] graveyard of a Chinese Muslim by the name of Pu Kung Chih-mu. He was buried there in 1264. This is more than a hundred years before the conversion of Awang Alak Betatar who became the Islamic Sultan Muhammad Shah, the first Sultan of Brunei.

Pu is a common surname that, according to Chinese historians, identifies a person as a Muslim. The tombstone also identified Pu Kung Chih-mu as having originated from Ch'uan-chou City in China. During the Song Dynasty, Arab and Persian Traders flocked to Canton (Kwang Chow) in Kwangtung Province and Chuan-chou in Fukien Province.

The tombstone of Pu Kung Chih-mu is not the only Chinese Muslim grave in Rangas graveyard. Another grave nearby belonged to another Chinese Muslim by the name of Li Chia-tzu from Yung Chun (Fukian) who died in 1876. Yung Chun is another city in China where Muslim travellers frequently traded.

According to Chinese records, stated in the “Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca Compiled From Chinese Sources” written by WP Groeneveldt in 1880, one Chinese Islamic trader arrived in Brunei in the 10th century. His name was P’u-lu-shieh. He was both a trader and a diplomat. P’u-lu-shieh name is akin to Abu al-Layth.

The Brunei King at that time was named Hiang-ta (Bongto). The arrival of the diplomat-trader from China was greeted with great ceremony. If this is so, Islam has actually arrived in Brunei in the year of 977.

One may discount the fact that the Muslim diplomat-trader did not do anything in Brunei but merely brought greetings and therefore one should not read too much into this. However the interesting thing was that the Brunei King’s delegation to China to return the Emperor’s greetings was headed by another Muslim by the name of P’u A-li (Abu Ali).

Based on this fact alone, Abu Ali must have held an important position in the Brunei Government if he was tasked to be Brunei’s Ambassador in those days and even if the King of Brunei then was not himself a Muslim, some members of his royal court were Muslims.

A number of European historians claimed that Brunei was still not a Muslim nation until the 15th century. However, the Ming Shih, Book 325, a Chinese reference book noted that the King of Brunei in 1370 was Ma-ho-mo-sa. Some say that this should be read as Mahmud Shah. But local Brunei historians take this to refer to “Muhammad Shah” the first Islamic Sultan of Brunei, during his reign Brunei was also visited by Arab, Persian and Sindhi merchants.

Robert Nicholl, a former Brunei Museum Curator argued in another paper entitled “Notes on Some Controversial Issues in Brunei History” in 1980 that the name Ma-ho-mo-sa could be pronounced as Maha Moksha, which means Great Eternity. Maha Mokhsa would make it a Buddhist name. Nicholl goes on to argue that even the Brunei Sultan who died in Nanjing in 1408 was not a Muslim. Another European Historian, Pelliot, Ma-na-jo-kia-nai-nai was reconstituted as Majarajah Gyana (nai). But the closest title would have been Maharaja Karna. However Brunei historians have stated that the King was Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan who would have been the second Sultan of Brunei.

Nicholl further argued that Sultan Muhammad Shah converted to Islam as late as the 16th century and not during the 14th century as is widely known. However according to Brunei historians, Sultan Muhammad Shah converted to Islam in 1376 and that he ruled until 1402. After which time, it was Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan, who died in China who ascended the throne. That was when Sultan Ahmad reigned in Brunei beginning 1406, during his reign Brunei was visited on various occasions by the Chinese Muslim Admiral Zheng He.

Most likely there were two waves of Islamic teachings that came to Brunei. The first was brought by traders from Arabia, Persia, India and China. The second wave was brought about by the conversion of Sultan Muhammad Shah. With the coming of the second wave, Brunei’s Islamisation hastened.

The propagation of Islam in Brunei was led by a Syarif with the name of Syarif Ali who was a descendant of The Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons Sayydinia Hassan or Sayydinia Hussin.

Syarif Ali arrived from Taif. Not long after he arrived in Brunei, he was married to a daughter of Sultan Ahmad. Syarif Ali built a mosque in Brunei. Syarif Ali was closely connected to a few other well known Islam propogationists in the region such as Malik Ibrahim who went to Java, Syarif Zainal Abidin in Malacca, Syarif Abu Bakar or Syariful Hashim in Sulu, and Syarif Kebungsuan in Mindanao.

Syarif Ali ascended the throne as the third Sultan of Brunei when he took over from his father-in-law. Because of his piousness, he was known as Sultan Berkat (Berkat means ‘blessed).

The mosque, especially the pulpit, was used by Sultan Syarif Ali himself. Sultan Syarif Ali himself conducted the sermons during Friday prayers. So he was not only the Sultan but he was also the Imam and brought the religion directly to the Brunei people.

According to Thomas Stamford Raffles in his book The History of Java, the Islamic activities of Sultan Syarif Ali were not limited to Brunei. He was also known to have gone over to Java to propagate Islam, where he was known as Raja Chermin. He tried hard to convert the Majapahit King named Prabu Angka Wijaya.

The efforts of the Brunei Sultans in spreading Islam helped to spread the religion not only in Borneo but also as far north as to the southern Philippines islands. When Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511, it was Brunei that played a major role in the spread of Islam in the region[12] (see also: Ottoman expedition to Aceh).

By the 16th century, Brunei had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltran, a Spanish traveler described it as being five stories tall and built on the water. Most likely it had five layers of roofs to represent the Five Pillars of Islam.

Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei by the 16th century. This mosque was destroyed by the Spanish in June that same year.

European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei's capital was occupied. Eventually the sultanate was victorious but lost territories to Spain.

The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the 19th century, when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984, and occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.

There was a small rebellion against the monarchy during the 1960s, which was suppressed with help from the United Kingdom. This event became known as the Brunei Revolt and was partly responsible for the failure to create the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion partially affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation.

Politics and government

Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei.

Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers, since 1962.

The Sultan's role is enshrined in the national ideology known as Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), or Malay Muslim Monarchy. The country has been under hypothetical martial law since Brunei Revolt of 1962.

The media are extremely pro-government and the Royal family retains a venerated status within the country.

Press freedom

Brunei has been given Not Free status by Freedom House; press criticism of the government and monarchy is rare.[13]. Nonetheless, the press is not overtly hostile towards other viewpoints and is not restricted on only publishing articles regarding the government. The government allowed a printing and publishing company, Brunei Press SDN BHD, to form in 1953. It continues to print the leading English daily Borneo Bulletin. This paper began as a weekly community paper, became the country's daily paper in 1990 and "remains the foremost source of information on local and foreign affairs."[14] Apart from The Borneo Bulletin, there is also the Media Permata, the local Malay newspaper which is circulated daily. The Brunei Times, another newspaper written in English is an independent newspaper published in Brunei Darussalam. It is owned by the company, Brunei Times Sdn Bhd, which consist of a group of prominent local businessmen.

As for mass media, the Brunei government owns and operates six television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB-T (RTB 1, RTB 2, RTB 3 (HD), RTB 4, RTB 5 and RTB New Media (Game portal) and five radio stations (National FM, Pilihan FM, Nur Islam FM, Harmony FM and Pelangi FM). A private company has made cable television available (Astro-Kristal) as well as one private radio station, Kristal FM.[14]

Foreign relations

With its traditional ties with the United Kingdom, it became the 49th member of the Commonwealth immediately on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984.[15] As its first initiatives toward improved regional relations, Brunei joined ASEAN on January 7, 1984, becoming the sixth member.[16] It later joined the United Nations at the 39th Session of the United Nations General Assembly and became a full member on 21 September 1984 as a means to achieve recognition of its sovereignty and full independence from the world community.[17] As it is an islamic country, Brunei Darussalam became a full member of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit held in Morocco.[18]

After its accession to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in 1989, Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July 2002.[19] As for other economic ties, Brunei Darussalam became an original member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since it came into force in 1 January 1995[20], and is a major player in BIMP-EAGA which was formed during the Inaugural Ministers’ Meeting in Davao, Philippines on March 24, 1994.[21]

Brunei is recognized by every nation in the world. It shares a close relationship particularly with the Philippines and other nations such as Singapore. In April 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral cooperation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[22] Brunei also maintains historical ties with Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

International rankings

Political and economic rankings
GDP per capita – 5th highest, at I$50,117
Human Development Index – 30th high, at 0.919
Literacy Rate – 75th, at 92.7%
Unemployment rate – 158th, at 4.00%
Health rankings
Fertility rate- 105th most fertile, at 2.29 per woman
Birth rate – 87th most births, at 21.58 per 1000 people
Infant mortality – 30th least deaths, at 5.5 per 1000 live births
Death rate – 191st highest death rate, at 2.8 per 1000 people
Life Expectancy – 74th highest, at 75.74 years
HIV/AIDS rate – 123rd most cases, at 1000 people

Territorial disputes

Brunei claims some territories in Sarawak and it is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands, specifically small rocks exposed at low tide on Louisa Reef. However, Kuraman Island is recognized as Malaysia territory by Brunei.

The status of Limbang as part of Sarawak was disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890.[23] The issue flared up again in 2010 when former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad publicly criticised Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's government for secretly negotiating with Brunei to have them give up their claim over Limbang in exchange for Malaysia giving up its claim on two oil-rich plots in the South China Sea. Brunei has since insisted that no agreement has been reached over the Limbang issue, and that it was not even discussed despite Abdullah's claim that Brunei has given up its claims on the area.[24]

Subdivisions

Districts of Brunei

Brunei is divided into four districts (daerah):

The districts are subdivided into thirty-eight mukims.

Geography

Map of Brunei Demis.png

Brunei Darussalam consists of two unconnected parts with the total area of 5,766 sq. kilometers (2,226 sq. miles). 77% of the population lives in the eastern part of Brunei, while only about 10,000 live in the mountainous south eastern part (the district of Temburong). The total population of Brunei Darussalam is approximately 428,000 (2010) of which around 130,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan[25].

Other major towns are the port town of Muara, the oil producing town of Seria and its neighboring town, Kuala Belait. In the Belait district, the Panaga area is home to large numbers of expatriates due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing and recreational facilities. Jerudong Park, a well known amusement park, is located on the west of Bandar Seri Begawan.

Most of Brunei is within the Borneo lowland rain forests ecoregion that covers most of the island but there are areas of mountain rain forests inland.

Climate

Brunei Darussalam has a tropical rainforest climate. The average annual temperature is 27.1 °C (80.8 °F), with the April–May average of 27.7 °C (81.9 °F) and the October–December average of 26.8 °C (80.2 °F)[26].

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean Maximum (°C)
 27.8
 27.8
 29.2
 29.1
 29.5
 28.1
 28.4
 28.3
 28.0
 27.5
 27.4
 28.0
28.3
Mean Minimum (°C)
 25.1
 26.0
 26.5
 26.9
 26.9
 26.7
 26.1
 26.3
 26.3
 26.1
 26.2
 25.6
26.2
Average Rainfall (mm) 277.7 138.3 113.0 200.3 239.0 214.2 228.8 215.8 257.7 319.9 329.4 343.5
2873.9

Economy

Main article: Economy of Brunei

This small, wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for nearly half of its GDP. Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes rice and housing.

Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion although it became a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Stated plans for the future include upgrading the labour force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, further widening the economic base.

The national airline, Royal Brunei, is trying to make Brunei a hub for international travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand, and also has services to major Asian destinations. Brunei is increasingly importing from other countries.

The Brunei Halal brand

Brunei Darussalam in July 2009 launched its national halal branding scheme Brunei Halal[27] which allows manufacturers in Brunei and in other countries to use the premium Brunei Halal trademark to help them penetrate lucrative markets in countries with significant numbers of Muslim consumers.

As envisioned by the Sultanate, the use of the Brunei Halal brand would signify to Muslim consumers the manufacturers' strict compliance with laws relating to Islamic teachings. Brunei also aims to build confidence in the brand through strategies that will both ensure the halal integrity of the products and unfaltering compliance with set rules governing the sourcing of raw materials, manufacturing process, logistics and distribution.

The Brunei Halal brand is said to be the first proper attempt to put together a global halal brand that will reap the potential commercial returns of catering to the consumption needs of Muslims worldwide.

A new company, government-owned Brunei Wafirah Holdings Sdn Bhd, has been established as the owner of the Brunei Halal brand. Wafirah has entered into a joint venture with Brunei Global Islamic Investment and Hong Kong-based logistics firm Kerry FSDA Limited to form Ghanim International Food Corporation Sdn Bhd. Ghanim International manages the use of the Brunei Halal trademark.

Producers that want to use the brand are required to first acquire the Brunei halal label (or the certification for compliance with accepted manufacturing and slaughtering practices under Islam) through the Department of Syariah Affairs' Halal Food Control Section. They can then approach Ghanim for their application to use the brand.

Agriculture

To achieve its target for food self-sufficiency, Brunei renamed its Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 to Laila Rice during the launch of the "Padi Planting Towards Achieving Self-Sufficiency of Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam" ceremony at the Wasan padi fields in April 2009.[28]

In August 2009, the Royal Family reaped the first few Laila padi stalks, after years of multiple attempts to boost local rice production, a goal which was envisioned about half a century ago.[29]

Health care

All Brunei citizens have access to free health care from public hospitals. The largest hospital in Brunei is Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, and there are two private medical centres, Gleneagles JPMC Sdn Bhd and Jerudong Park Medical Centre. As of 2008, no hospitals in Brunei were undergoing international healthcare accreditation.

There is currently no medical school in Brunei, and Bruneians wishing to study to become doctors must attend university overseas. However, the Institute of Medicines had been introduced at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and a new building has been built for the faculty. The building, including research lab facilities, was completed in 2009. There has been a School of Nursing since 1951.[30] 58 nurse managers were appointed in RIPAS to improve service and provide better medical care.[31] In December 2008, The nursing college merged with the Institute of Medicines at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam to produce more nurses and midwives.[32]

The Health Promotion Centre opened in November 2008 and serves to educate the public on the importance of having a healthy lifestyle.[33]

Transport

Brunei is accessible by air, sea and land transport. Brunei International Airport is the main entry point to the country. Royal Brunei Airlines[34] is the national carrier. The ferry terminal at Muara services regular connections to Labuan island (Malaysia). The speedboats provide passenger and goods transportation to the Temburong district. The main highway running across Brunei is the Tutong-Muara Highway. The country's road network is well developed. Brunei has one main sea port located at Muara. The export of its petroleum products is carried out through dedicated terminals.

Demographics

The official language of the nation is Malay (Malay: Bahasa Melayu), although an important minority speak Chinese. The local variety of Malay (Kedayan or Bukit Malay), spoken natively by two thirds of the population, is quite divergent from and unintelligible to Standard Malay. The most important aboriginal languages are Iban, and two languages called Tutong, each with about 20,000 speakers.

English is also widely spoken and there is a relatively large expatriate community with significant numbers of British and Australian citizens.

Ethnicity

Religion

Religions of Brunei
Religion Percent
Islam
  
 67%
Buddhism
  
 13%
Christianity
  
 11%
Freethinkers
  
 7%
Indigenous
  
 2%

Islam is the official religion of Brunei at 67 percent, and the sultan is the head of the religion in the country. Other faiths practised are Buddhism (13 percent, mainly by the Chinese) and Christianity (11 percent). freethinkers are mostly Chinese at about 7 percent, although most of them practice some forms of religion with elements of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, they prefer to present themselves as having professed no religion officially, hence regarded as atheists in official censuses. Indigenous religions are about 2 percent.

Culture

The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay (reflecting its ethnicity), with heavy influences from Islam, but is seen as more conservative than Malaysia.[36]

Prohibition of alcohol

As a Sharia country, the sale and public consumption of alcohol is banned.[37] Foreigners and non-Muslims are allowed to bring in 12 cans of beer and two bottles of other alcohol (e.g., wine or spirits; no distinction is made for alcohol content). This limit used to apply to every entry; in 2007, however, this was changed to one limit every 48 hours. After the introduction of prohibition in the early 1990s, all pubs and nightclubs were forced to close.

Bruneian celebrities

See also

  • Astronomy in Brunei
  • Brooketon
  • Brunei Revolt
  • Communications in Brunei
  • Foreign relations of Brunei
  • Girl Guides in Brunei
  • History of Brunei
  • Hospitals in Brunei
  • Istana Nurul Iman  (Sultan's Palace)
  • Jerudong Park Medical Centre
  • List of Bruneians
  • List of Brunei-related topics
  • Media of Brunei
  • Military of Brunei
  • Music of Brunei
  • North Borneo Federation
  • Royal Brunei Airlines
  • Scouting in Brunei
  • Sport in Brunei
  • Transport in Brunei
  • Universiti Brunei Darussalam
  • Water Village (Brunei)
  • List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Brunei Tourism". Tourismbrunei.com. http://www.tourismbrunei.com/facts/facts.html. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  2. ↑ Brunei. CIA World Factbook. 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Brunei". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=516&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=43&pr.y=18. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  4. ↑ "Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G". The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  5. ↑ Haggett, Peter (ed). Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1, Marshall Cavendish, 2001, p. 2913. Available on Google Books.
  6. ↑ This view recently has been challenged. See Johannes L. Kurz "Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties", paper accessible under http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/article_view.asp?id=172 (2006).
  7. ↑ Pocock, Tom (1973). Fighting General – The Public &Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker (First ed.). London: Collins. ISBN 0002112957. 
  8. ↑ "Human Development Reports". United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  9. ↑ Data refer to the year 2009. World Economic Outlook Database-October 2009, International Monetary Fund. Accessed on March 29, 2010.
  10. ↑ "South east Asian Archaeology, Treasuring Brunei's past". Southeast Asian Archaeology. 2 April 2010. http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/03/08/treasuring-bruneis-past/. 
  11. ↑ "Background Note: Brunei Darussalam". US State Department. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-16. 
  12. ↑ The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia by Nicholas Tarling p.39
  13. ↑ "Freedom Of The Press – Brunei (2006)". Freedomhouse.org. http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6929&year=2007&pf. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "About Brunei". Bruneipress.com.bn. 1998-07-30. http://www.bruneipress.com.bn/brunei/brunei.html. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  15. ↑ "MOFAT, Commonwealth". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei Darussalam. 30 March 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/foreignpolicy/commonwealth.htm. 
  16. ↑ "Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations". United States State Department. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-06. 
  17. ↑ "MOFAT, UN". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei Darussalam. 30 March 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/foreignpolicy/unitednation.htm. 
  18. ↑ "MOFAT, OIC". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei Darussalam. 30 March 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/foreignpolicy/oic.htm. 
  19. ↑ "APEC, 2000 Leaders' Declaration". Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. 30 March 2010. http://www.apec.org/apec/leaders__declarations/2000.html. 
  20. ↑ "MOFAT, WTO". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 30 March 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/economytrade/wto.htm. 
  21. ↑ "MOFAT, BIMP-EAGA". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 30 March 2010. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/economytrade/bimpeaga.htm. 
  22. ↑ "RP, Brunei sign farm-cooperation deal"
  23. ↑ the CIA World Fact Book
  24. ↑ A tale of two oil blocks The Star. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  25. ↑ 2001 Summary Tables of the Population Census. Department of Statistics, Brunei Darussalam
  26. ↑ http://www.bruneiweather.com.bn/content/summary3pix.php
  27. ↑ Hadi Dp Mahmudbandar Seri Begawan (2009-08-01). "Brunei pioneers national halal branding | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/local_business/2009/08/01/brunei_pioneers_national_halal_branding. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  28. ↑ Ubaidillah Masli, Goh De Noand Faez Hani BRUNEI-MUARA (2009-04-28). "'Laila Rice' to Brunei's rescue | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2009/04/28/laila_rice_to_bruneis_rescue. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  29. ↑ Ubaidillah Masli, Deno Gohand Faez HaniBRUNEI-MUARA (2009-08-04). "HM inaugurates Laila harvest | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2009/08/04/hm_inaugurates_laila_harvest. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  30. ↑ "FHA – [Nursing staff education in Brunei – Article Summary". Find-health-articles.com. http://www.find-health-articles.com/rec_pub_17004384-nursing-staff-education-brunei.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  31. ↑ Bandar Seri Begawan (2009-03-19). "58 nurse managers appointed | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2009/03/19/58_nurse_managers_appointed. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  32. ↑ Hadi Dp Mahmudbandar Seri Begawan (2008-12-06). "Problem needs nursing with care | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2008/12/06/problem_needs_nursing_with_care. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  33. ↑ Bandar Seri Begawan (2009-04-17). "HRH visits Health Promotion Centre | The Brunei Times". Bt.com.bn. http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2009/04/17/hrh_visits_health_promotion_centre. Retrieved 2009-12-30. 
  34. ↑ http://www.bruneiair.com/
  35. ↑ "Brunei". CIA – The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html. This comes to 90%, we're not sure about the last 10%.
  36. ↑ For a discussion of religious freedom, see http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71334.htm (United States Department of State).
  37. ↑ Brunei Tourism Website (Government appointed)

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